Motivating Middle School Boys

Motivation of Middle School Boys in Math Class Abstract Middle school is a time of physical, emotional and social change for boys. When students hit middle school, academics tend to take a back seat to all of the new activity in their lives. For boys, middle school is increasingly difficult. In addition to the physical and emotional changes, the academic curriculum becomes more challenging and rigid. This does not align with a typical boy's learning style. Many boys in middle school are struggling through hard times at home.Situations may include challenges such as little to no parental support, poverty, and malnutrition. With all of the possible circumstances disrupting their home lives, it is hard for these boys to concentrate on how to solve an equation in math class. Teachers need to motivate boys by providing relevant, hands-on curriculum. Three ways that teachers can do this is by including family members in the classroom, using friendly competition in the form of games and con tests, and by relating mathematical lessons and material to real-life situations and interests that the boys might have. IntroductionBy seventh grade, most students have had years of poor attendance, little parental support, and many other issues related to poverty. They simply do not see the importance of mathematics in everyday life and how math can lead to better things for them. Males, in particular, want to continue the lifestyle they were raised in; showing little to no effort when it comes to the math classroom. This paper discusses three reasons why mathematics teachers should incorporate meaningful motivation strategies as a tool to motivate middle school males in the mathematics classroom. Including Family in the ClassroomOne way that teachers can help to motivate boys in the middle school classroom is to include their families in the classroom. The relationship between family and school influences the academic achievement of middle school students. These family relationsh ips and parental involvement mold students’ educational development drastically. Murdock and Miller (2003) refer to family as a major influence in how middle school boys deal with learning, peers, and motivation. They state â€Å"families play the most important role in students’ lives as they transition from elementary school to middle school†.The absence of a parent can play a very important role in the success of a student, so when the student sees that there is a connection between the classroom and their family, they are motivated to succeed. Middle school math teachers should try their best to create a sense of family cohesion and teamwork in the classroom. Teachers can do this by always making sure parents are aware of what is happening in the classroom, keeping the lines of communication open, and even incorporating projects that might need the student to work with a member of their family to complete it.Haim Ginott’s theory of congruent communica tion states that teachers should always use communication that is harmonious with students’ feelings about situations (Charles, 2008). This can be applied to idea of including families in the classroom because teachers need to keep the lines of communication open not only with their students, but with their students’ families. By taking the time to talk to students about situations arising in the classroom, it will be easy for teachers to communicate with parents about similar situations and the lack of motivation within the classroom.When students know that their families are involved in their academics, they are more inclined to succeed in the classroom. Introduce Competition Next, a second way that teachers can help to motivate middle school boys while in the classroom is to include the use of different games and contests. Most boys respond well to competition with their peers. They will force one another to greater speeds, improved accuracy and higher achievement i n the name of winning. Boys thrive on competition, so any type of game or activity that allows them to go against a peer in a competitive manner will motivate them to perform.In the following quote, Conti explains why he believes that competitions in the math classroom can spark an interest in math for boys. â€Å"Mathematics competitions are probably the extracurricular academic programs with the widest participation. The most immediate value of these math contests is obvious – they pique students’ interest in mathematics and encourage them to value intellectual pursuits. Boys love games, and many will turn just about any activity into a contest, or in other words, something to get good at.Math contests thus inspire them to become good at mathematics just like sports encourage physical fitness. Eventually, students put aside the games. By then, hopefully an interest in the underlying activity has developed† (Conti, 2001). Teachers should create competitions by having students race against one another to solve math problems or turning a test review into a basketball game, allowing students to shoot a basket for every correct answer. The teacher could also place students in groups and award points based on certain behaviors and completed tasks.A prize would be awarded to the group with the highest score at the end of the week. Jacob Kounin would agree with this point based on his theory of lesson momentum and withitness. Kounin believes that classroom teachers should be able to do a multitude of things at one time, including presenting motivating and engaging lessons, managing the class, and being aware of the classroom surroundings (Charles, 2008). He states that good teachers keep students from getting bored or otherwise frustrated with lessons.By including competition in the form of games and contests in the classroom, the teacher is able to keep the boys motivated with a lesson while still controlling the needs of the class. When boys k now they have a chance to show off their skills by winning something, they will immediately become engaged and motivated to participate. Provide Connections to Real-Life Therefore, a third way that middle school math teachers can motivate boys within the classroom is to connect the material to real-life applications.Students, particularly those who come from backgrounds that undervalue education, will benefit from this strategy. Stein (1993) expressed his belief in real-world connections revolving around math lessons by stating â€Å"Because students often feel that mathematics is the subject least relevant to their daily lives, it is an important arena in which teachers can attempt to incorporate students’ funds of knowledge in the context of culturally relevant mathematics instruction†. For middle school boys, school itself is often the least important factor in their lives.Teachers can tap into their focus by relating topics to important interests in their lives. On e way for teachers to do that is to use democratic teaching; a theory of Rudolf Dreikurs. Democratic teaching occurs in a classroom in which the teacher and students work together to make decisions about how the class will function (Charles, 2008). This applies to the idea of connecting math with real-world situations. Students want to know how what they are learning will benefit them in their future lives.By brainstorming different topics and careers that the students are interested in, the teacher can then develop lessons that explain how those interests or careers are affected by mathematics. Teachers should show boys how math affects their everyday lives in areas such as: household maintenance, calculating car mileage, budgeting, making larger purchases (cars and houses), or solving problems that are important to them. Connecting math to future careers can also help to motivate boys in math class.Many unmotivated boys do not realize the importance of math for success in college or the role that math plays in careers that are not overtly math-oriented. Stein also claimed that by using problems that interest and excite the students' curiosity, students are keen to develop important problem-solving strategies. These strategies can be applied in everyday situations, not just in the mathematics classroom. Conclusion The use of meaningful and male-related motivational strategies in middle school mathematics classrooms are a great way to motivate and help boys succeed.Most boys are very intelligent when it comes to numbers and math, however it may seem â€Å"too cool† to get good grades and to apply yourself. Middle school is where students generally begin to find themselves, and a determined teacher can help to motivate students to choose the right path. A teacher’s responsibility is to make sure they have done everything in their power to help their students succeed. This means reaching out to parents, changing lessons to fit the needs of the unmo tivated students in the classroom, and changing your classroom management strategies to help engage and excite the students.With little to no parental support or guidance for many boys in the classroom, a male math teacher may be exactly what these boys need. But will these same strategies work with a female math teacher? References: Charles, C. M. (2008). Twentieth-Century Pioneers in Classroom Discipline. Building Classroom Discipline (Ninth Edition). Boston: Pearson. Conti, R. , Collins, M. A. , & Picariello, M. L. (2001). The impact of competition on intrinsic motivation and creativity: Considering gender, gender segregation nd gender role orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(8), 1273- 1289 Grossman, H. (2004). Classroom behavior management for diverse and inclusive schools. (3rd edition). Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. Murdock, T. , Miller, A. (2003). Teachers as Sources of Middle School Students’ Motivational Identity: Variable-Centered and Person-Ce ntered Analytic Approaches. The Elementary School Journal, 103(4), 383-399. Stein, S. L. (1993). Young's vision. The Mathematics Teacher, 86, 330-333.

Meaning of life †Religion Essay

In my opinion, there is no specific meaning of life. There also is a part of me that thinks that life really doesn’t have a meaning at all. But, since I have to try to define life, I would have to say it’s a combination of things in your life that you are living for, or the purpose of you being on this earth. Everyone most likely has a different purpose for being alive. Whether it is family, school, or your career; those things have a lot of impact on your life and also decisions that you make throughout life. In our society, many families instill faith and morals early into their children’s lives by continuing traditions or practices of religious faith. The idea of faith and moral beliefs are instilled in a person by attending or participating in church activities and reading the Bible or other religious texts. When there is a sound moral foundation in a person’s life it may give them the motivation through faith to build a sound structure for their life or to achieve personal goals. Simply put, a person may believe through faith that it is possible to achieve an education, start a family, or to have a successful business or career because of their foundation in faith. The reason why I somewhat think that life really doesn’t have a meaning, is because no matter what anyone does or how well or righteous someone lives their life, in the end they still die. What happens after that? Nothing, you never come back nor will you have any recollection of what went on during your lifetime here on earth. A person can bust their behind in working doing good for the community and everything else and in the end you still end up in the same place as everyone else, good people or bad people, you die. Another reason why I believe life doesn’t have a meaning is because all of the people in this world have to suffer, they still go through pain, they have to watch loved ones die, they still have to go through heartache, and rough times. Being poor, homeless, and not having food for as single meal in the day. Where is the meaning in life when people have to wake up hungry or worry about where they will lay their head that night? I’d say there is none when you look at it from that perspective. In my opinion, the meaning of life is too complex for the human brain to comprehend. People tend to say that they know what the meaning of life is, but who really knows the answer. There are various opinions and schools of thought, however, most people can never and will never reach a clear understanding of what the meaning of life is. If there is meaning in life at all, then there must be meaning in suffering. †? Viktor E. Frankl. Frankl could not have said this quote any better, most people can say that they have found meaning in their life but at the same time, there are some people wondering if the only reason they are on this earth is to suffer on a daily basis throughout their entire lives.

Family Medical Leave Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Family Medical Leave Act - Essay Example Abuse of Family Medical Leave Act has in turn resulted to morale problems in work places particularly among employees who are called to pick up the tasks of the absent employees. Negative effects of Family Medical Leave Act on employers Workplaces are significant places to study how institutions shape the way Family Medical Leave Act operates in practice (Galinski et al, 2005). Family Medical Leave Act is cited as an external factor that affects employee availability in any organization. Though the Family Medical Leave Act’s aim is upbeat and constructive for most occasions, many organizations’ management trust that it presents an employee with a chance to stay out of their places of work if they have low interest in the job (Burtless, 1995). According to a research done on 36 organizations, it was apparent that Family Medical Leave Act affects employee availability. Ten of the organizations expressed extreme concern with the Family Medical Leave Act impacts, terming th e act a nightmare (Galinsky et al. 2005). Needless to say, this act does not permit managers to punish the employees through relegations or corrective actions. Organizations account that the players have leant how to play the game well. Most of the organizations have claimed that employee unions coach their members to file under Family Medical Leave Act when taking leave to shun nonattendances that may amount to termination of employment or demotion (Burtless, 1995). Most organizations have no dilemma with the act’s stipulations for workers to be given leave to attend to ill relative or a new born child, or to recuperate from a verifiably somber health condition. The primary point of disputation is with the Family Medical Leave Act stipulation that allows workers to be granted irregular leave due to severe illness. The aggravation comes from attempting to apprehend the delineation of severe health condition. Burtless (1995) denotes that it is challenging to verify the effects of particular illnesses such as headaches, gout, aggravation and soft tissue injuries. For this reason, most of the doctors do not decline signing the Family Medical Leave paper for fear of being sued by the worker. In reference to the United States Labor Department, a severe illness refers to a health condition or injury that involves inpatient medical attention or ongoing medical treatment (Irwin & Ralph, 1993). Most of the employers find it challenging in determining a qualifying serious health problem for the worker or worker’s next of kin. Some of the illnesses are difficult to track, and employers must resolve whether to award Family Medical Leave Act’s benefits to workers who report the inception of signs. Though, in some occasions employees abuse Family Medical Leave Act’s benefits, the employer may face federal investigations for failing to grant the worker leave (Armour, 2005). Research has shown that Family Medical Leave Act affects business performa nce and productivity (Burtless, 1995). Most of the employees take leave and thus lead to low labor input that in turn leads to declined productivity. Employers find it challenging in tracking worker’s leave period while getting Family Medical Leave Act’s benefits. Arguably, if the worker takes scheduled leave under the act, there is no minimum leave period needed, thus making it challenging to follow

Write an evaluation of a published macroeconomic forecast Essay

Write an evaluation of a published macroeconomic forecast - Essay Example This means that there is continuous growth in future, which is brought by the banks’ new advances made on the credits extended to customers. In the next quarter the economy is expected to perform even much better. Another contributor to the economic growth is the housing for the last more than 5 months, sales of real estates hasbeen evident. This is backed by the new modern homes that have been constructed and some which are still under construction. For example, CoreLogic Home Price Index rose by 1.1% in a year. This is according to chapter three of the (economic forecast publication r April 2014). In comparison, the housing construction and sales vary by 9%, construction rate being higher than the sales. This is a growth indicator. Manufacturing and processing sectors have added wonderful growth indicators to the economic growth. The May returns of this year are anticipated to be the highest for the last three years. This follows last years 5% growth, which is highest for the last three years now. Key assumptions here are that: the government does not take care of the borrowers where the cost of loans is very high. The government assumes that there is general growth. They don’t take care of the private sectors and individuals who bear the high cost of economic growth through coast of loans. The second assumption is the policy of selling the homes. It is more beneficial to hold investments than sales, especially real estates. This is in regard to the principle of the investment multiplier concept. The audience of this information is the potential investors, shareholders and the government agencies. Some areas have been exaggerated. Firstly, the sales of assets are lower in long term growth in GDP. Anothe r one is the high cost of loans shifted to borrowers. The borrowers are economically affected. Labor market shows a negative image compared to developments as said earlier in the US economic

Professional Practice (PGCE) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Professional Practice (PGCE) - Essay Example The teachers understood me as a student and that gave me a valuable lesson - that interacting, communicating and engaging ones students in a dialog helps in sharing of ideas and experiences and enhances our knowledge about the subject (Steffe & Gale, 1995). Such interaction also helped me realize the significance of active learning whereby students can learn merely through communicating with one another and through exchanging of ideas. It also taught me to be responsible and responsive to my students. The collaborative learning approach used in classrooms enabled holistic learning and development of the students (Cohen, Brody and Sapon-Shevin, 2012) and helped in reflecting on the concepts learned. The effectiveness with which the course was designed encouraged me to experiment with diverse ideas and approaches, which can be used in class while teaching and also equipped me with adequate knowledge and skills to address the various challenges that I would encounter during my role as a teacher. During the course of my study I had an opportunity to observe other teachers as well as be observed by other teachers and in the process I learned the various teaching approaches and the implication of using them in a classroom setting. I also learned to develop lesson plans and completed five modules which includes Introduction to teaching and learning, planning and assessing, applying theory to practice, reflective practice, curriculum and professional practice. Teacher observation helped me learn about skills such as classroom management, and the benefit of a student-focused approach. It helped in the overall professional development as a teacher. Through this course I realized the significance of observation and the manner in which it helps in self-reflection and influence the way we teach, since it exposes the teachers to new innovative methods of teaching and help in creating a professional learning environment with the

Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Finance - Essay Example Moreover, an increase in EPS is also increasing dividend paid to NEXT plc shareholders, thus satisfying more the shareholders. This increase in EPS is also tested for quality based on the information from cash flows. Increase in EPS is strengthening positive operating cash flows; as increase in EPS is sometimes shown only on income statement and cash flow statement provides real picture with negative cash flows for operations (Next Plc, 2012).. This increase in EPS in line directors stated objective to provide sustainable long term growth in EPS. For this purpose, NEXT has adopted two strategies; one to increase the sales of the company by increasing the product quality and new stores along with increased cost control. The second strategy is buying back of outstanding shares. Buy backed shares reduces the number of shares outstanding in the market and hence, allows greater proportion of net income to individual share, thus it will lead to same earnings with less outstanding shares, t herefore lower EPS. EPS increase also puts positive impact in share price (though not always) and has also benefitted NEXT plc. CORPORATE BONDS FROM BALANCE SHEET For year 2012 NEXT plc has increased corporate bonds liability amounting to 652.1 million as compare to 471.2 million in year 2011. In the current year firm has issued 10 year 325m bond. Increase in corporate bonds has increased interest expense to 28m (Next Plc, 2012). Increase corporate bonds indicate that firm is extending its debt source of financing as against equity financing to take tax benefit. Equity financing is the most expensive source of financing; therefore, firms are more inclined to debt financing that is relatively cheaper as per Pecking theory (Zhao, Katchova, and Barry, 2004). Moreover, increase in debt facilitates firms firm with cash flows without giving any rights of decision making. Since in difficult economic situation firms have to make tough decisions therefore, management is interested to maintai n decision making more in their own hands. In addition to this, increase in debt gives the opportunity to firms to take advantage of the leverage concept which in return increases its Return on Equity (ROE) (Booth, Aivazian, Demirgue-Kunt and Maksimovic, 2001). This makes the firm more attractive for investors against competitors and it gives a positive signal to the investors according to Signal Theory. Benefit of this strategy has started to be reflecting as NEXT plc share has been ranked as the second best performing firms on FTSE-100 companies and has led its earnings per share increased by compound rate of 18 percent. NEXT Plc has been increasing its debt source of financing to facilitate two objectives; first, to tender cash flows for operations and capital investment. And second to gain the sustainable long term growth in EPS. To continue growth strategy in terms of location, product and sales firm and also EPS, NEXT plc has planned to increase the debt further and has also i ncreased its bank facility by 300 million for 5 years. Moreover, NEXT plc has planned to increase debt max by 700m in order to support the share buyback strategy. REPURCHASE OF OWN SHARES FROM STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS NEXT plc has been following to continue share buy back from on market and off market. In year 2012 firm conducted in investment activity of buying back its own shares

Culture anthropolgy on Aborigines of australia Essay

Culture anthropolgy on Aborigines of australia - Essay Example The first Aboriginals are believed to have arrived in this unique and isolated piece of land some 50,000 years ago, when they migrated from the South Pole as the sea levels generally fell and the last Ice Age saw its end. Experts believe that the race then traveled on canoes and rafts across the ocean in search of a peaceful land (Barnard, 1996). The activities of aboriginals of the area remained secret and restricted to its own lands, until outsiders from around the world intruded their territories for political, economical, and anthropological purposes. Before the invasion of the British into Australia, (first invasion 1788), about 200 years ago, there were about 300,000 inhabitants living in the area, which constituted of 500 tribes using 200 distinct languages amongst each other, of which most of them are found extinct now; with each dialect defining each tribe that occupied a definite area in the continent. Whereas, lands owned by no tribal form were left arid and unoccupied, under the title of ‘no man’s land.’ (Bartlett, 2002). Though the Aboriginals vary abundantly from their appearance due to the diversity seen between their groups; however, some of the common features that all of them share are their dark brown skin with wavy hair, developed onto slender bodies which are erect showing their hardworking capabilities. Anthropologists believe that variations in their appearances are due to their migrations at different points of time in history. Whereas some critics to this opinion believe in ‘homogeneity’ of the aboriginals, whereas any variations in them might be due to variation in diet and the environment they lived in, while as a whole, they lived in isolation from rest of the world (Ashley, 2009). This paper discusses the isolation of the Aborigines of Australia form the rest of the world; as when development and technology were taking the world up by storm, they remained a loaf of this

Individual written analysis of case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual written analysis of case - Essay Example In order to generate superior value for patients, Cleveland had evaluated the requirements of the patients in the first place, restructured the organisation in order to fulfil those requirements and developed information technology (IT) system (Porter and Teisberg 1-23). Critical Components of Cleveland’s Overall Strategy. According to the case provided, the three critical components of Cleveland’s overall strategy include innovation, culture and growth. Cleveland has made innovation in several areas like medical services. A few of its innovation comprise establishing world first heart transplant by implanting artificial heart and developing first computerised information registry on cardiac diagnosis among others. Furthermore, Cleveland remained much committed towards maintaining excellent team culture with outstanding administrative and interactive abilities (Porter and Teisberg 1-23). Where Cleveland Clinic Made Most Progress? Most of the progress of Cleveland was concentrated on the area of health system, organisational structure, patient satisfaction and information technology. In order to enhance the health system, Dr. Cosgrove, the CEO of the Clinic has started to rationalise the healthcare services across the system. The objective was to deliver appropriate care at the right place for each patient. As a part of rationalisation, several activities were undertaken, for example, obstetrics were shifted to community hospitals and psychiatry facilities were focused on one community area among others. Furthermore, Cleveland also improved the health system by increasing constancy and incorporation of care paths and by developing a common medical recoding system (Porter and Teisberg 1-23). Specially mentioning, the organisational structure of Cleveland has also improved considerably. In the year 2007, Dr. Cosgrove has reorganised every healthcare

Diet and Exercise Essay Example for Free

Diet and Exercise Essay Obesity has become an epidemic not only in America but also all over the world, and many times people are taking the easy way out with costly surgery over natural weight loss of diet and exercise. A person is considered obese when he or she has a body mass index of at least 30 or has developed a medical condition from being obese and in the United States obesity affects 149.3 million people every year. Losing weight for anyone can be difficult and there are so many different ways to accomplish this like diet, pills, diet plans, shots, surgery, and of course diet and exercise. In this essay I will compare and contrast the risks and benefits of liposuction versus diet and exercise. Liposuction has fast results and is being accepted as a weight lose method instead of a last result. Liposuction is a procedure that vacuums out the fat deposits from areas on the body like the stomach and bottom. I can’t imagine using a vacuum to suck out the fat, when all that is needed some exercise and good nutrition. Liposuction can be very painful, and can cause swelling that could take up to 2 months to subside, depending on how much fat is removed. Who is to say once the swelling does go down if the weight will even stay off? Imagine spending 5,000 on surgery and then within 6 months all of that fat is back or even more because all that was done is having fat removed. In 2009 American spent over 5 hundred million dollars on liposuction surgery. Most are women making up 90% of all liposuctions done in the United States. From 2008 to 2009 men having liposuction increased 18%. Liposuction is not an instant cure to obesity and can come with many complications. The FDA cites studies that indicate the risk of death is as low as 3 deaths per 100,000 operations, but the risk is between 20 to 100 per 100,000 deaths. Deaths in liposuction operations have a higher mortality rate than car accidents. A person’s expectation of results after surgery is not always met. When an excessive amount of fat is removed the skin can look wavy and wrinkly. Skin loss is also a risk especially with smokers and people with diabetes because the skin can die and would have to be removed. Unlike with diet and exercise that none of these problems will exist. Diet and exercise when done as a life style change can completely change how you look, feel, and keep you healthy. Exercise can help control weight, when you do a work out, or run you burn calories. The more intense the workout the more calories are burned. Not much time is needed daily, just a half an hour everyday to get your heart rate up, which will help deter heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure. Diet is also an important part of making you feel better. Have you ever heard the saying you are what you eat. Replacing your snacks with healthy choices like carrots and celery and eating well rounded balanced meals anywhere from 3 to 5 will make a difference when it comes to how you feel and look. Diet and exercise can also boost your energy; regular workouts can improve muscle strength and boost endurance. When you exercise and eat foods that are healthy you give oxygen and nutrients to tissue and your cardiovascular system works more efficiently and gives you more energy. Diet and exercise helps prevent health conditions and disease and boost good cholesterol. Liposuction is usually not covered by any insurance companies because it is considered a cosmetic procedure and liposuction procedures can cost around $3,000. The average membership to a gym cost somewhere between $20 and $100 per month which is just under a 1,500 per year but this all depends on what type of gym and the services you use. This is 1/3 the cost of liposuction. You don’t need an expensive surgery or even a membership to a gym to be health and have a healthy weight. Walking or running cost you nothing and grocery shopping is already something most Americans do which can be less in cost than you think. Making the choice to change is the first step to living a healthy life. Anyone can do it and it doesn’t have to cost you anymore than what you spend now, making this choice can be the difference between living happy and dying early in life. Making this choice is everyone own decision. Liposuction isn’t the quick fix everyone thinks it is and there are complications to it and if you do have liposuction there is still a need to change your lifestyle. Removing the weight does not guarantee it will stay gone and the need to change your lifestyle after this type of surgery is a must or all of the weight will just be gained back. A natural diet and exercise over time can give you the results you want but can also decrease your risks of major health issues like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.  Making this type of lifestyle change is what make lives better and using a quick fix like surgery can only make the problem worse the way I see it because in the end the life style change will be needed with or without surgery.

Public Service Essay Example for Free

Public Service Essay Public service is has long been considered to play a key role in the improvement of social and economic development in any countries (ILO, 1996). For this case, the type of public service presented is somehow very effective in terms of sending the correct procedure to the individuals who need such task assistance. For the children of the day care canter, the time frame of Friday is best suited for public service since this might be the busiest day for such an institution. Considering that most of the students may be too excited for the coming weekend. Therefore, having a persons or group of person assist them in their activities in class can provide a worthwhile experience.   Also, the schedule 3:00 to 5:00 pm is a very good choice since afternoon schedules are somehow more lenient in accepting additional work when all other important activities have been prioritized earlier in the day.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The public service type of task with two types of activity based schedule is also a very good choice. The kids will be able to choose the type of activities they want to be engaged with which will make them more independent and will acquire a greater sense of responsibility. The first hour lets them listen and read to the story while having an option to still play. On another hour, homework assistance is also available which will make the time very productive. If ever they opt to first do their homework with the public servant, they will have more time to enjoy the rest of the day and probably the whole weekend playing. Overall, the type of public service program is very much adapted to the lifestyle of the student in the day care center setting.   References ILO. 1996. Public Service Background. Retrieved December 7, 2007 from http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/sector/sectors/pubserv.htm.

Periodontal Health Knowledge and Awareness in Pregnancies

Periodontal Health Knowledge and Awareness in Pregnancies Title: Periodontal Health knowledge and awareness among pregnant females in Bangalore, India ABSTRACT There is plenty of evidence in the literature suggesting an association between periodontal diseases, pregnancy and even preterm low birth weight deliveries. The correlation has been expanded from periodontitis and preterm birth to various forms of periodontal infections and adverse pregnancy outcome, preterm birth, low birthweight, stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth retardation and pre-eclampsia. Aims and Objective:  The purpose of this study was to assess the awareness regarding periodontal health among pregnant females in Bangalore, India. Materials and Method: Three hundred pregnant female patients who visited the OPD of Gynaecology Department of Government Hospital, K.R. Puram, Bangalore was evaluated for oral hygiene status. Awareness of the relationship between oral health and pregnancy, demographics, oral health knowledge, oral hygiene, and dental visits during pregnancy and their willingness for treatment was surveyed by self administered questionnaire from the patients who were willing to participate in the study. The data were collected, summarized and statistically analyzed. Results: Awareness among pregnant women was found to be statistically non significant (p value > 0.05) irrespective of the age and educational qualifications (p value> 0.05). Conclusion: Knowledge and awareness regarding periodontal disease, and its effect on the pregnancy and birth outcome are limited. Key words- Pregnancy, Awareness, Periodontal Health INTRODUCTION Women’s life cycle changes presents unique challenges to the oral health care profession. Hormonal influences associated with the reproductive process alter periodontal and oral tissue responses to local factors creating diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. It is imperative, therefore, that clinician recognize, customize and vary periodontal therapy, according to an individual female and the stage of her life cycle.1 Apart from the underlying systemic diseases, ceratin physiological condition can also aggravate the underlying gingival status, especially when the oral hyagiene is poor. Pregnancy being one of these conditions, is a time when the patient may experience the most profound physiologic and psychological changes in her life. There is plenty of evidence in the literature suggesting an association between periodontal diseases, pregnancy and even preterm low birth weight deliveries. The link between periodontal infections and preterm birth has been one of the frontiers in dental research. The correlation has been expanded from periodontitis and preterm birth to various forms of periodontal infections and adverse pregnancy outcome, preterm birth, low birthweight, stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth retardation and pre-eclampsia.2,3,4 Pregnancy provides an ideal opportunity to improve women’s health practices. Prenatal care entails regular and frequent medical visits, so that women are or can be motivated to improve their health for the benefit of the developing fetus. Since maternal oral flora and oral hygiene practices are predictors of the oral flora and oralhealth of infants and children, a pregnant woman’s knowledge and actions concerning her oral health are critical to the oral health of her child or children and may be a key to childhood caries prevention. Certain oral disease, such as periodontitis or periodontal infection, gingivitis or even caries can affect and influence not only the Maternal oral health but also the oral health of her child. Targeting pregnant women to increase their oral health knowledge may improve their oral health and, thus, the oral health of their children. Maternal oral flora and oral health are one of the greatest predictors of childhood oral flora and oral health.1,2 The interaction between oral and systemic health has long been of interest. It has been shown that pregnant womenhave a higher incidence of gingival inflammation compared to non-pregnant women2,3,4 According to literature in pregnant women the incidence of gingival inflammation observed from 36% to 100 %3,5 These vascular and Hormonal changes can lead to exaggerated immune respone of gingival towards bacterial plaque. 6,7 Good oral hygiene practices, however, can minimize gingival disease during pregnancy.2,7Two case–control studies 8,9 and cohort studies 10,11,12showed that periodontal disease could be an independent risk factor for pre-term birth and low birthweight after adjusting for several known risk factors. 2In fact, treatment of periodontal disease has been shown to reduce pre-term birth. 12,13Other studies have shown additional associations between periodontal diseaseand pregnancy, such as increased risk for development of preeclampsia during pregnancy.14 The purpose of the present study was to assess the awareness regarding periodontal health among pregnant females in Bangalore. The results obtained would serve asbaseline information for planning an oral health education program aimed at improving the oralhealth of pregnant women receiving care in the hospital.Specifically, it would identify areas of deficiency in thewomen’s knowledge and this would be helpful informulating the content of the oral health messages. MATERIALS AND METHOD The presentcross sectionalstudy was conducted in the Gynaecology Department of Government Hospital, K.R. Puram, Bangalore during June to August 2011.The minimum sample size wascomputed using the formula n= z2pq/d2 where p (theprevalence of women with good knowledge) was set at40%. Thus the computed minimum sample size was 271 subjects. This was increased by 10% to 300subjects to accommodate attrition. Hence, three hundred pregnant females who visited the OPD of Gynaecology Department of Government Hospital, K.R. Puram, Bangalorewere taken instudy design using simple random sampling. The subjects were informed about the purpose of the study and only those who gave written voluntary consent were taken into the study. Also, ethical approval was obtained from the institutional review board and permission from the head of Government Hospital was also obtained. The questionnaire wasdeveloped and pre-tested on 25 pregnant women toallow for refinement of the questions in order tofacilitate answering(Table 1). Questionnaires wereadministered to all consenting pregnantwomen who attended the antenatal clinic during thestudy period.The questionnaire contained two segments. The first part contained inquiries on the participant’s sociodemographic qualities, for example, age, occupation, monthly income and educational status. The second part contained fifteen questions pertaining to participant’s awareness regarding knowledge of relationship between oral health and pregnancy, knowledge about oral health, knowledge about oral hygiene, dental appointment during pregnancy, advice regarding necessity of dental health in pregnancy, presence of bleeding gums and whether any of the possible actions were taken to treat or reduce the gingival problems along with their compliance for the treatment. Each question answered â€Å"Yes† was given a score of 1 while for â€Å"No†, score 0 was given. Thus, the maximum achievablescore was 15 with a higher score indicating a high level of awareness. Individuals with scores of 11 and abovewere graded as having high awareness, those having scores from 6 to 10 were having average awareness while those with scores 5 or less were having low awareness. Awareness of periodontal health, according to age and educational qualifications of the pregnant females was also considered in the study. The results obtained from the periodontal health awareness questionnaire were compiled and subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 19.0. Descriptive statistics were reported as well as cross-tabulations by age, parity, education and occupation. For the purpose of analysis thelevel of education was categorized as low (primaryeducation only), middle (secondary education) andtertiary (post secondary education).Inference on the cross-tabulations were performed, using chi-square tests to test for general association. A probability value of RESULTS Sociodemographic features of study participants The mean age of our studypopulation was 24.97+4.343years (range 18–35 years)with the majority of the study population in the 18-25 (59.3%) and 26-30 (33%) years old categories. Over half (53.7%) of the respondents wereprimigravida while the remaining women had between1 and 5 children. Out of the total study population, 2.3% had primaryschool education, 10.7% secondary schooleducation, 33.3% attained post secondary educationand 53.7% attended university (Table 2). Most of the study participants were unemployed(78.3%), followed by employee (21.7%) (Table 2).On theutilization of dental services, 285 (62.9%) respondentsreported ever visiting a dental facility. The mean of questions answered correct by the subject was 4.53 +1.814 with a range of 1 8.Majority, i.e. 60 percent subjects had low awareness and only 40 percent with average awareness and 0 percent with high awareness (Table 3). The results of awareness among pregnant women came out to be statistically non significant (p value > 0.05) irrespective of the age.The results of awareness among pregnant women came out to be statistically non significant (p value > 0.05) irrespective of educational qualifications. DISCUSSION It is worth sayin that good oral health in pregnancy is very important factor, as recent trends showed that the poor oral health can lead to unfavourable pregnancy results. This is important in context of developing countries like india, where high mortality rate present.Most of the common oral diseases present during pregnancy (i.e. periodontal disease) are preventable only by using simplest measures like regular flossing and tooth brushing.A person’s knowledge, attitude and oral health would influence and generate such positive behaviour which is the ultimate result of person’s awareness.15 Thus, this study wasdesigned to provide a view of periodontal awareness among pregnant females in Bangalore. The present study showed low awareness(60%) among majority of the study population followed by average awareness among rest 40% of the participants. The results of the present study were similar to study conducted by HA Alwaeli SH Al-Jundi (2005)16who concluded that knowledge and awareness for pregnant women about their teeth and gingival condition is generally poor. Pregnant women need accurate information about their teeth and oral health. Simple educational preventive programmes on oral self-care and disease prevention before and during pregnancy should be provided to improve oral health.Another similar kind of study was conducted by Kim A. Boggess; Diana M. Urlaub, Merry-K Moos etal (2011)1and concluded that pregnant women have some oral health knowledge, which varied according to maternal race or ethnicity. Their beliefs varied according to their education levels. Including oral health education as a part of prenatal care may improve knowledge regarding the importance of oral he alth among vulnerable pregnant women, thereby, improving their oral health and that of their children. The awareness among pregnant women came out to be low below 25 years of age.The awareness among pregnant women came out to be average above 25 years of age.When the results were compared of above and below 25 years of age the awareness came out to be nonsignificant with average awareness among above 25 years of age. This study is not without limitations. Onelimitation is its reliance on self-reported data, which isoften subject to biases inherent to questions being askedsuch as recall bias. Nonetheless, the results wouldserve as a veritable tool for designing and specifyingappropriate oral health education messages forpregnant women receiving antenatal care. CONCLUSION A majority of the pregnant women has good knowledge and information about general health; however, their knowledge and awareness regarding periodontal disease, and its effect on the pregnancy and birth outcome is limited. Most pregnant women need more information about oral health, and prevention of gingival and periodontal diseases. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess the long-term effect of oral health education programs in maternity care centers on dental health knowledge and behavior of pregnant women. Further studies are needed to determine if there is a strong correlation between periodontal disease and premature labor and whether periodontal therapy or prevention can reduce the risk of premature labor. Studies to assess the role of dental hygienists in designing and promoting information regarding periodontal health awareness and practices among pregnant women in maternity care centers. REFERENCES Boggess KA, Urlaub DM, Moos MK, Polinkovsky M, El-Khorazaty J, Lorenz C. Knowledge and beliefs regarding oral health among pregnant women. J Am DentAssoc. 2011;142(11):1275-82. Loe H, Silness J. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I. Prevalence and severity. Acta odontol scand. 1963;21:533-51 Jensen J, Lilijmack W, Bloomquist C. The effect of female sex hormones on subgingival plaque. J Periodontol1981;52: 599–602. Nuamah I, Annan BD. Periodontal status and oral hygiene practices of pregnant and non-pregnant women. East Afr Med J. 1998;75:712-4. Ferris GM. Alteration in female sex hormones: their effect on oral tissues anddental treatment. Compendium. 1993 ;14:1558-64. Zachariasen RD. The effect of elevated ovarian hormones on periodontal health:oral contraceptives and pregnancy. Women Health. 1993;20:21-30. Raber-Durlacher JE, van Steenbergen TJ, Van der Velden U, de Graaff J,Abraham-Inpijn L. Experimental gingivitis during pregnancy and post-partum:clinical, endocrinological, and microbiological aspects. J Clin Periodontol. 1994;21:549-58. Offenbacher S, Katz V, Fetik G, Collins J, Boyd D, Maynor G, et al. Periodontal infection as a possible risk factor for preterm low birth weight. J Periodontol 1996; 67: 1103–1113. Dasanayake A. Poor periodontal health of the pregnant woman as a risk factor for low birth weight. Ann Periodontol 1998; 3: 206–212. Jeffcoat MK, Geurs NC, Reddy MS, Cliver SP, Goldenberg RL, Hauth JC.Periodontal infection and preterm birth: results of a prospective study. J AmDent Assoc. 2001;132:875-80. Offenbacher S, Leiff S, Boggess KA, Murtha AP, Madianos PN, Champagne CM, etal. Maternal periodontitis and prematurity. Part 1: Obstetric outcome of prematurity and growth restriction. Ann Periodontol 2001; 6: 164–174. Lopez NJ, Smith P, Gutierrez J. Periodontal therapy may reduce the risk of preterm low birthweight in women with periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2002; 73: 911–924. Jeffcoat MK, Hauth JC, Geurs NC, Reddy MS, Cliver SP, Hodgkins PM, etal. Periodontal disease and preterm birth: result of a pilot intervention study. J Periodontol 2003;74: 1214–1218. Boggess KA, Lieff S, Murtha AP, Moss K, Beck J, Offenbacher S. Maternalperiodontal disease is associated with an increased risk for preeclampsia. ObstetGynecol. 2003;101:227-31. Al Habashneh R, Guthmiller JM, Levy S, Johnson GK, Squier C, Dawson DV, FangQ. Factors related to utilization of dental services during pregnancy. J ClinPeriodontol. 2005;32:815-21. Alwaeli HA, Al-Jundi SH. Periodontal disease awareness among pregnant womenand its relationship with socio-demographic variables. Int J Dent Hyg. 2005;3:74-82. TABLE 1: Questionnaire used for the study Table 2: Socio-demographic characteristics of study population Table 3: Percentage awareness among study population regarding periodontal health

A Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay: The Character of Bottom

The Character of Bottom in A Midsummer Night’s Dream The character of Bottom in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream is frequently foolish, but he is not a fool. His exuberance and energy are allied to practicality and resourcefulness, with an alarming lack of self-consciousness. He, at any rate, is not at all tongue-tied before the duke, as Theseus has known others to be. We do laugh at Bottom in many situations, but should note that these are situations in which any man might seem ridiculous: amateur theatricals are almost a byword for unintended comedy, whether in planning (1.2) rehearsal (3.1) or performance (5.1); any artisan afflicted with an ass's head and appetites, and beloved of the fairy queen would have difficulty retaining his dignity. It is true that Bottom by his ambitious speech, his ignorance of music and poetry, and his homely outlook is even more comic than most men in these situations, however. Bottom is, we presume, competent at his craft, and is respected by his fellows. In their view only Bottom can carry off the demanding r"le of Pyramus. They admire his presence, panache and vocal power. Theseus's comment on his "passion" may suggest some exaggeration in the playing, and this would be in keeping with Bottom's character, but we need not suppose the lines are badly-spoken, so much as badly-written. "He that writ it" attracts the most censure from Theseus. It is difficult to see how, given these lines, Bottom could be anything but comic in the performance of the play. And Shakespeare has already indicated that "hard-handed men" who have "never laboured in their minds till now" cannot be expected to perform competently. Theatre should be left to professionals (Bottom would not expect an actor to be ... ...haracteristics, but in the incongruity of this "mortal grossness", the grotesque, earthy and plain-speaking Bottom, and the beautiful, airy, eloquent and possibly dangerous fairy queen. The "bank whereon the wild thyme blows" and the beautiful fairy song "Philomel with lullaby", as well as the dainty morsels offered by Titania's servants - it is difficult to imagine a more alien creature to all this, than Bottom. We laugh at his ineptitude, at the incongruity of the situation, at the blatant illustration of the gulf between "reason and love"; we are disturbed by the indignity Titania undergoes, alarmed by the danger Bottom may be in, but reassured by his taking it in his stride. Bottom is a comic counterpart to Theseus and to Oberon: the natural leader in his own world, to whom others defer. And when he encounters their worlds he more than holds his own. A Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay: The Character of Bottom The Character of Bottom in A Midsummer Night’s Dream The character of Bottom in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream is frequently foolish, but he is not a fool. His exuberance and energy are allied to practicality and resourcefulness, with an alarming lack of self-consciousness. He, at any rate, is not at all tongue-tied before the duke, as Theseus has known others to be. We do laugh at Bottom in many situations, but should note that these are situations in which any man might seem ridiculous: amateur theatricals are almost a byword for unintended comedy, whether in planning (1.2) rehearsal (3.1) or performance (5.1); any artisan afflicted with an ass's head and appetites, and beloved of the fairy queen would have difficulty retaining his dignity. It is true that Bottom by his ambitious speech, his ignorance of music and poetry, and his homely outlook is even more comic than most men in these situations, however. Bottom is, we presume, competent at his craft, and is respected by his fellows. In their view only Bottom can carry off the demanding r"le of Pyramus. They admire his presence, panache and vocal power. Theseus's comment on his "passion" may suggest some exaggeration in the playing, and this would be in keeping with Bottom's character, but we need not suppose the lines are badly-spoken, so much as badly-written. "He that writ it" attracts the most censure from Theseus. It is difficult to see how, given these lines, Bottom could be anything but comic in the performance of the play. And Shakespeare has already indicated that "hard-handed men" who have "never laboured in their minds till now" cannot be expected to perform competently. Theatre should be left to professionals (Bottom would not expect an actor to be ... ...haracteristics, but in the incongruity of this "mortal grossness", the grotesque, earthy and plain-speaking Bottom, and the beautiful, airy, eloquent and possibly dangerous fairy queen. The "bank whereon the wild thyme blows" and the beautiful fairy song "Philomel with lullaby", as well as the dainty morsels offered by Titania's servants - it is difficult to imagine a more alien creature to all this, than Bottom. We laugh at his ineptitude, at the incongruity of the situation, at the blatant illustration of the gulf between "reason and love"; we are disturbed by the indignity Titania undergoes, alarmed by the danger Bottom may be in, but reassured by his taking it in his stride. Bottom is a comic counterpart to Theseus and to Oberon: the natural leader in his own world, to whom others defer. And when he encounters their worlds he more than holds his own.

Boston Massacre Essay -- essays research papers

The Boston Massacre is considered by many historians to be the first battle of the Revolutionary War. The fatal incident happened on March 5 of 1770. The massacre resulted in the death of five colonists. British troops in the Massachusetts Bay Colony were there to stop demonstrations against the Townshend Acts and keep order, but instead they provoked outrage. The British soldiers and citizens brawled in streets and fought in bars. “The citizens viewed the British soldiers as potential oppressors, competitors for jobs, and a treat to social mores'; (Mahin 1). A defiant anti-British fever was lingering among the townspeople.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are three major things that led to the Boston Massacre: First was the growing mistrust among the British soldiers and Americans. There were a number of other incidents were the British clashed with the patriots and their supporters. Individual soldiers were beaten on street corners and soldiers abused unarmed civilians. In all the Americans in Boston made it clear that the British soldiers were unwanted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second reason is somewhat odd. The removal of two out of four regiments meant there were to inadequate amounts of soldiers to keep the peace. There were enough on the other hand to remind the patriots of the great British military.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The last reason would be the revolt of the Townshend Acts. The patriots and Americans did not agree and strife with the British soldiers over it. The Act built tension between the two. (Griswold 23) On March 5, 1770 the dreadful day came. A mob of people went in front of the Customs Office in Boston Massachusetts and started to throw stuff and give insults at the soldiers. As a result to this so-called harassment the soldiers fired on the crowd. The first to die was a black man named Crispus Attucks. He was a native of Frainghan, Massachusetts. He escaped from slavery in 1750 and had become a sailor. Crispus Attucks is considered the first martyr of the American Independence (Mahin 1). The four others who died were Samuel gray, a rope maker; James Caldwell, a sailor; Samuel Maverick, a seventeen year old apprentice and Patrick Carr, a leather worker and Irish immigrant. All in which were unarmed and brutally murdered. The soldiers killed three, mortally wounded two others, and wounded six. How much ha... ...at were stationed in Boston were guilty for many other crimes. I think either the soldiers should have been guilty for firing without an order or that Preston should have been guilty for giving the order to fire. According to Liesenfelt, the eight men said they were following Preston orders and should be tried at one time (1). So the soldiers are saying they were following orders which means Preston is guilty. Also three black witnesses gave testimony that they did hear an order to fire by Preston. Then again a merchant said he did not hear an order. Either way the soldiers and/or Preston should have been guilty. I think it a lot easier to miss something said than to be hearing things. So the evidence is there that Preston gave an order to fire. I feel the verdict of the trial of the Boston Massacre should have been “guilty';. The victims were unarmed and brutally murdered. I soldier enraged the citizens and were guilty of many other crimes. The order to fire give from Preston proves he’s guilty of the crime of manslaughter. My conclusion is that the soldiers and/or Preston are guilty. “Half a pale of blood had been spilled into he snow'; (Mahin 2).

Answer Key for Effective Writing 3

Answer Key Booklet 2 Contents Answer Key Unit 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Unit 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Unit 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Unit 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Unit 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Unit 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford o x2 6dp UK The Publisher grants permission for the photocopying of those pages marked â€Å"photocopiable† according to the following conditions. Individual purchasers may make copies for their own use or for use by classes they teach.School purchasers may make copies for use by their staff and students. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. 1 198 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10016 USA Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices inAny websites referred to in this publication are in the public domain and their addresses are provided by Oxford University Press for information only. Oxford University Press disclaims any responsibility for the content. oxford and o xford english are registered trademarks of Oxford University Press Executive Publisher: Janet Aitchison Senior Acquisitions Editor: Pietro Alongi Associate Editor: Scott Allan Wallick Art Director: Maj-Britt Hagsted Production Manager: Shanta Persaud Production Controller: Eve Wong  © Oxford University Press 2007 isbn: 978- 0-19-430884-7 Database right Oxford University Press (maker)Printed in Hong Kong All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of Oxford University Press, with the sole exception of photocopying carried out under the conditions that follow. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Answer Key Unit  The Five-Paragraph Essay 4 . No, the conclusion in the five-paragraph essay is not ifferent from that of the short essay on page 3 . Part 1: Stimulating Ideas Part 2: Developing the Five-Paragraph Essay Exercise 2 (pp. 3â€⠀œ4) Exercise  (p. 9) A . 1 . a 2 . b 3 . c B . Answers will vary. 1 . To achieve this goal, I focused on three points: the content of an essay, correct grammar, and advanced level vocabulary . It is the thesis of the essay because it states what the entire essay is about . 2 . As soon as I started to write for college, I realized that college writing was different from the writing I was used to doing . It is the topic sentence because it states what the body paragraph is about . . The details in the body paragraph give explanations and examples to support the topic sentence . 4 . It sums up the ideas of the essay, and it brings it to a close . Exercise 3 (pp. 5–7) A . Answers will vary. B . 1 . Thesis statement: â€Å"To achieve this goal, I focused on three points: the content of an essay, correct grammar, and advanced level vocabulary . † No, the thesis statement is not different from the thesis statement of the short essay on page 3 . 2 . Each topic sentence suppo rts the thesis statement . First body paragraph topic sentence: â€Å"As soon as I started to write for college, I realized that college riting was different from the writing I was used to doing . † Second body paragraph topic sentence: â€Å"I realized I had to improve my understanding of grammar in order to write for college . † Third body paragraph topic sentence: â€Å"I soon realized that academic writing required a much more sophisticated vocabulary . † 3 . The body paragraphs of the five-paragraph essay expand on the information provided in the single body paragraph of the short essay by giving examples and anecdotes . The body paragraphs of the five-paragraph essay are more analytical in nature . 1 . Hook: â€Å"It was a sunny day in the summer of 1998 hen my family moved out of the city to the suburbs . † 2 . I did not like leaving because I would lose my friends and the places where I had had so much fun . It was very sad for me to see my friend s standing in front of the old house as we said our last goodbyes . 3 . Thesis statement: â€Å"Little did I know that this move would turn out to be one of the best moments of my life . † 4 . Topic: â€Å"Little did I know that this move . . . † 5 . Controlling idea: â€Å" . . . would turn out to be one of the best moments of my life . † Exercise 2 (p. 0) Body Paragraph 1 Answers will vary. 1 . As soon as I started to write for college, I realized hat college writing was different from the writing I was used to doing . 2 . The writer gives supporting details . In high school, most of the writer’s writing dealt with personal experiences with family, childhood, and friends . In contrast, college writing is focused on a variety of unfamiliar issues, such as reacting to a piece of literature or writing about the community . The most important thing for the writer was to understand the assigned topic before attempting a first draft . The writer wanted to in clude examples, statistics, and direct quotations whenever possible for support . These etails support the topic sentence because they elaborate on the topic sentence . 3 . b Body Paragraph 2 Answers will vary. 1 . I realized that I had to improve my understanding of grammar in order to write for college . 2 . The writer gives supporting details . Before the writer came to college, grammar was not Effective Academic Writing 3: Answer Key  a strong point . The writer often created run-on sentences or sentence fragments . The writer was more concerned with what to say than how it was said . The professors would not accept this kind of writing and made the writer revise many times .Consequently, the writer made grammar the second priority . The writer reviewed the basic grammatical structures such as subjects and verbs and checked all work for verb tense consistency and punctuation . As a result, the writer’s work became more complex because the writer included transitional wor ds, gerunds, and embedded clauses . These details support the topic sentence because they elaborate on the topic sentence . 3 . a Body Paragraph 3 Answers will vary. 1 . I soon realized that academic writing required a much more sophisticated vocabulary . 2 . The writer gives supporting details . The writer as accustomed to writing letters and informal essays, so the writer usually wrote the way the writer speaks with family and friends . It was common for the writer to include slang and abbreviated terms, which were appropriate in social contexts but were unacceptable in formal essays . The writer’s third goal became improving vocabulary . The writer bought a dictionary and thesaurus, became more aware of how often the same words and phrases were repeated throughout the essay, and looked for synonyms to replace words that the writer thought were too simple for a college essay . The writer also focused ore on the rules of spelling and corrected any errors . These details supp ort the topic sentence because they elaborate on the topic sentence . 3 . a Exercise 3 (p. ) 1 . 3 2 . The first sentence restates the thesis: â€Å"Academic writing requires critical thinking skills, an understanding of the topic, high level vocabulary, and correct grammar . † 3 . d Part 3: Unity and Coherence Exercise  (p. 2) Having my friends and family together at my wedding was an amazing experience . I had not seen some of my uncles, cousins, and aunts for many years . My cousin Tom lives in London, where he works as 2Effective Academic Writing 3: Answer Key an engineer . Both my mother and father were born in different countries, so my relatives are scattered all over the world . I really like traveling and have been to Europe and Asia . Although we try to get together for important occasions, this was the first time everyone could attend . Most importantly, my good friends had never met my relatives . Developing good friendships takes a lot of work . Watching them all dancing, laughing, and having a wonderful time will stay in my memory forever . The band we hired played music that the guests loved and we danced for hours .My original guest list had over 200 people, but I had to cut it down to 150 . It was difficult finding a group that could play all the diverse styles that I wanted at the wedding . Most bands specialize in one or two different kinds of music . However, these musicians really knew all types of music—from 1940s jazz and swing to salsa, merengue, and even hip-hop . My brother was once in a rock and roll band . In short, there was music to suit everyone’s tastes . I loved the singer’s dress . It was incredible . Even my grandparents danced all night . Exercise 2 (p. 4) 1 . a, c, d 2 . a, b, d, e Exercise 3 (p. 5) 2 . 3 . a Exercise 4 (p. 6) Answers will vary. 2 . Learning a foreign language takes a lot of patience and effort . Moreover, it helps to have a good ear and be able to spend some time in the h ost country . 3 . The college student was told to revise her essay a third time . Nevertheless, she has still made great progress with her writing skills . 4 . John Steinbeck, a famous American author, wrote many books concerning the human condition . For example, his novel The Grapes of Wrath dealt with the problems of the Great Depression . 5 . Academic writing requires standard grammar, sophisticated vocabulary, and proper rganization . In contrast, e-mail messages use abbreviations, symbols, and slang . 6 . Nowadays research is often done on the Internet . Previously, important information was stored on special film called microfiche. Exercise 5 (p. 7) Answers will vary. A . If you want to make rice, first boil some water . Next, add rice . Then cook for about 20 minutes . B . If you want to learn Spanish, the most important thing is to take a Spanish class . The second priority is to practice speaking Spanish with friends . Then visit a Spanish-speaking country . Exercise 6 (p . 8) 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . She this they we s They us Exercise 7 (p. 9) 2 . As a teenager, I reported on school events, edited articles for the high school newspaper, and published some of my stories . 3 . Some of the rewards of being an author are learning about historical events, researching the lives of famous people, and discovering facts about yourself . 4 . Attending workshops on writing has taught me how to receive criticism, become a more focused writer, and take more risks . Part 4: Editing Your Writing Exercise  (p. 20) 2 . I felt very confident because I had spent a long time practicing . 3 . Since it was my graduation, I bought a beautiful ew outfit . 4 . Although the ceremony was very long, nobody was bored . 5 . We went out for a fancy meal after the ceremony ended . 6 . My family took a lot of photographs which I still enjoy looking at . Exercise 2 (p. 2) 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . RO RO C RO C Exercise 3 (p. 22) 2 . The nineteenth-century British novelist Charlott e Bronte wrote Jane Eyre, and her younger sister Emily was the author of the classic Wuthering Heights . 3 . Upton Sinclair was concerned about social and political problems of his times, so he wrote The Jungle, exposing the unsanitary conditions of the meatpacking industry . 4 .Jane Austen’s original version of Pride and Prejudice was written when she was only twenty years old, yet it was not published for almost two decades . 5 . The anthropologist Margaret Mead went to Samoa to collect data for her book, for she was interested in researching the role of adolescent girls in a non-Western culture . 6 . Writers often use biographical information, or they adapt the background of other people for their story . Exercise 4 (p. 23) 2 . Margaret Mitchell was able to write the epic novel Gone with the Wind because she understood the decline of the southern plantation owners . 3 .Although Somerset Maugham was a doctor, he wrote many important novels, short stories, and plays . 4 . So me of the Harry Potter books have already been made into movies since they are so popular . 5 . When Wallace Stevens received the Pulitzer Prize for his collected poems, he was vice president of an insurance company . Exercise 5 (p. 24) Answers will vary. 2 . When I visited her, she showed me photos of her vacation . 3 . Because she had a demanding job, she never had time to visit with friends . 4 . Since I was her favorite, I always got a special gift . 5 . After she got married, she started working owntown . Exercise 6 (p. 25) While I was visiting China, I (1) experienced experience a special kind of warmth from the people I (2) came come in contact with . I was always aware of their special quality of friendliness . I (3) had have the unique experience of being in Beijing on the night the Chinese (4) won win their bid to host the 2008 summer Olympics . On that night, I (5) was am one of a million and a half people who poured into the streets to express their joy and gratitude . I walked with them and (6) shook shake hands with as many people as I could while I sang out the words: â€Å"gong xi ni ba†Effective Academic Writing 3: Answer Key 3 (congratulations) . My words (7) were are always met with big smiles and enthusiastic handshakes . Those parents with kids on their shoulders, teenagers, and many others (8) felt feel as if the rest of the world was welcoming them into the global community . Now I wish them the best, and I am hoping to return one day . If you take a trip to China, you will experience the same kind of hospitality . Part 5: Putting It All Together Exercise 4 (p. 28) Exercise  (p. 26) 1 . Hook: â€Å"Difficult life-changing experiences become the memories that stay forever in our minds . † 2 .We have to learn to balance the positive and negative effects that these situations have on us . The day after I finished my first year at college, I had one of these life-changing experiences . 3 . Thesis statement: â€Å"Going on a j ob interview at an international bank taught me an important lesson . † 4 . Topic: Going on a job interview at an international bank . 5 . Controlling idea: The writer learned an important lesson . Exercise 2 (p. 26) a . 4 b . 1 c . 7 d . 3 e . 5 f . 2 g . 6 Exercise 3 (p. 27) A . I was in a rush to get there, (1) so I decided to take a taxi . The traffic was so horrible that the driver was in a bad mood . 2) When he He closed the door, my new skirt got caught . I tried desperately to pull it out, but it ripped . I thought about asking the driver to stop, (3) but I was too embarrassed to say anything . Although I was very upset (4) , . I tried to be calm . The ride was much longer than I expected, (5) and the air conditioning was not working . I did not want anything negative to block my mind (6) . I was eager to have this job . I wanted to have a good interview and make a strong impression (7) , since . Since I learned in school that first impressions are the most valuable . B . Finally when I arrived at the bank, I (1) looked ook at my skirt . The torn hem was hanging and was covered with dirt . Once inside, I (2) went go into the ladies room . I tried to wash my skirt and hold it together with a safety pin . A few minutes later, I was in the waiting room when the secretary (3) called call me . I was embarrassed and afraid that I wouldn’t get the job because of my sloppy appearance . The most interesting part was that the manager asked me what (4) happened 4 happen . When I (5) told tell her the story, she started to laugh . She (6) couldn’t can’t stop . She wanted to ask me something about myself, but she (7) kept keeps on aughing . Now I was sure I would not get the job . She said, â€Å"I will never forget this . I never thought that I (8) would will have such a good time today . You know, when you have to interview a lot of people in one day, it can become very boring . † Despite this ordeal, she assured me that I had th e right qualifications, and in the end she offered me the position . Effective Academic Writing 3: Answer Key 1 . We never know when a negative experience can end up being a positive influence on our life and can stay in our minds forever . 2 . d Exercise 5 (p. 28) 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . them it he it mine me us This Exercise 6 (p. 29) 1 . Sometimes when essays are written too quickly the sentences do not flow naturally . Therefore, you should always read your essay out loud to make sure it does . 2 . The sonnets of Shakespeare always rhyme . In contrast, modern poetry usually uses free verse that does not rhyme . 3 . Writing a good play requires a strong story line . Moreover, you need realistic dialogue and believable characters . 4 . William Shakespeare wrote comedies as well as tragedies . For example, The Taming of the Shrew and A Midsummer Night’s Dream both have happy endings . 5 .Computers have grammar and spell check . Nevertheless, a good writer should not depend on these tools . Exercise 7 (p. 30) 1 . A few years ago, I went to China to research a book, meet some old friends, and visit the famous temples . 2 . One day we toured the Ming Dynasty gardens, walked through the narrow streets, and visited the Great Wall . 3 . I ate with chopsticks, sampled spicy foods, and drank exotic teas . 4 . The Chinese are famous for creating silk screens, painting lacquer boxes, and inventing calligraphy . 5 . I enrolled in a Chinese culture class where I learned how to write a few characters, speak a ew words, and recognize the different tones of the language . Unit 2 Process Analysis Essays Part 1: Stimulating Ideas Exercise 3 (p. 34) will return home to eat and drink . The background information tells about celebration of the Day of the Dead . It tells when the celebration occurs and tells what the holiday is for . 3 . Thesis: â€Å"In my native town, Puebla, preparation begins three weeks before the holiday . † Answers will vary. 4 . Body paragraph 3 explains the process of families decorating and watching over the graves of dead relatives . 5 . a Part 3: Developing Your Ideas 5 . T Exercise  (p. 4) Answers will vary. . He had supernatural powers that helped him see the dead . 2 . Sonja’s offerings to the priests saved his mother . 3 . Families clean their homes, decorate the Buddhist altars, and light lanterns . 4 . Both children and adults participate in Bon Odori . 5 . Day of the Dead and Halloween Exercise 2 (p. 42) 1 . F 2 . T 3 . F 4 . T Exercise 4 (p. 34) Part 2: Brainstorming and Outlining Exercise 2 (p. 35) Answers will vary. 1 . Costumes: masks, makeup, traditional dress 2 . Foods: marshmallows, hamburgers, apple pie 3 . Music/Dance: national anthem, folk, circles 4 . Decorations: balloons, streamers, confettiExercise 3 (p. 36) Answers will vary. Exercise 4 (p. 38) A . 1 . The Day of the Dead is celebrated to remember the dead . 2 . People buy candles, incense, copal, fruit, flowers, and candies . 3 . The merchants build stalls to protect themselves and their products from the sunlight . 4 . Families go to the cemetery to decorate and to watch over the graves of dead relatives . 5 . Answers will vary. B . 1 . Hook: â€Å"Mexican culture is full of colorful traditions . † 2 . One of them is the celebration of the Day of the Dead . This special holiday for remembering the dead takes place on November 2 of every year . On hat day, families believe that their dead relatives The writer prepares a turkey for Thanksgiving dinner . A . 1 . The writer searched the Internet for recipes and got advice from friends . 2 . All the ingredients have to be fresh, especially the herbs . 3 . While the cornbread is baking, the other stuffing ingredients are being prepared . 4 . The size of the turkey determines the cooking time . 5 . Answers will vary . B . 1 . Hook: â€Å"The cashier gave me a free 12 pound turkey because my food receipt was over fifty dollars . † 2 . Thesis stat ement: â€Å"I did not know how to cook a turkey, but since I had gotten one, I decided it as a good opportunity to learn how . † Answers will vary. I wanted to learn how to cook a turkey, since I had gotten one at the supermarket . 3 . before, eventually, while, now, first, second, after, next, finally, then 4 . defrost, prepare, roast, take out, put in, take off, place, marinate, wash, poke, add, mix, brush, make, follow, bake, cut, saute, chop, cool off, mash up, fill, sew, cook 5 . Body paragraph 3 explains the steps in defrosting and preparing a turkey before it is roasted . 6 . The family said that the turkey was amazing and that the writer should prepare Thanksgiving dinner next year .Exercise 3 (p. 44) first, second, third, next, after this, then, finally Effective Academic Writing 3: Answer Key 5 Exercise 4 (p. 44) A . a . 6 c . 1 e . 2 b . 5 d . 3 f . 4 B . Before you begin, decide on a topic that you want to research . Second, review what has been written on the to pic . Third, organize the information in order of importance . Next, develop a term paper outline . After this, write the first draft of the paper . Finally, edit and revise your work . Exercise 5 (p. 45) 2 . Before you buy a computer disk, make sure it is compatible with your computer . Make sure the computer disk is compatible with our computer before you buy it . 3 . Before you use the new computer disk, format it . Format the new computer disk before you use it . 4 . After you save your essay on a disk, print it out . Print out your essay after you save it on a disk . 5 . As soon as you finish reading your email, log out . Log out as soon as you finish reading your email . 6 . After you close all programs, shut down the computer . Shut down the computer after you close all programs . Part 4: Editing Your Writing Exercise  (p. 49) 2 . Obon is celebrated by the Japanese in the summer . 3 . The fragrant fruit is protected from the sun by the talls . 4 . The grave must be guarded b y the relatives of the dead . 5 . The children were fascinated by the fireworks . 6 . Traditional food is sold to the families by the merchants . Exercise 2 (p. 50) 2 . Litter and trash should be picked up . 3 . Children must not be allowed to play with fireworks . 4 . Hot dogs and hamburgers must be cooked thoroughly . 5 . Music should not be played too loudly . 6 . Flags may be displayed in front of the houses . Exercise 3 (p. 50) 1 . Sushi is eaten in Japan . 2 . Many festivals are organized by the city government . 3 . Special breads and cakes are baked for the elebration . 4 . The turkey must be defrosted in the refrigerator . 6 Effective Academic Writing 3: Answer Key 5 . Green is worn by many people in the United States on Saint Patrick’s Day . 6 . A lot of flowers and chocolates are sold on Valentine’s Day . Exercise 4 (p. 5) 1 . X 2 . The gifts offered to the spirits are blessed by the families . 3 . X 4 . X 5 . The Buddhist altars are decorated by families . 6 . X Exercise 5 (p. 52) Every year, the falling autumn leaves signal the approach of Halloween . It is one of the most popular holidays in the United States, and it (1) is enjoyed by both children and adults .Many parties are held on this occasion when special costumes, masks, and wigs (2) are worn . Some of the most popular costumes that are (3) chosen chose are from children’s fairy tales as well as witches, ghosts, and famous movie stars . Prizes are often given for the most unusual and creative disguises . Faces are (4) painted paint with odd designs and colorful makeup . The fronts of many houses (5) are decorated with gravestones, monsters, and jack-o-lanterns . These lanterns are (6) made making from pumpkins, which are carved out to create scary faces . On the night of Halloween, children go trick-or-treating, which means oing from house to house to collect candy . For kids and adults alike, Halloween is great fun . But remember, young children should (7) to be acco mpanied by an adult at all times . Part 5: Putting It All Together Exercise  (p. 53) A . a . 2 c . 3 e . 1 b . 5 d . 6 f . 4 B . Answers will vary. First, check with your counselor for available scholarships . Second, select three or four scholarships that are appropriate for you . Third, go to the Internet and review the requirements . Next, request an application form . After this, complete the application . Finally, submit the application and wait for a response . Exercise 2 (p. 3) 1 . Before you enter a Japanese tea house, take off your shoes . or Take off your shoes before you enter a Japanese tea house . 2 . After you sit in the proper position, begin the ceremony . or Begin the ceremony after you sit in the proper position . 3 . As soon as you pour hot water into the tea bowl, stir the mixture . or Stir the mixture as soon as you pour hot water into the tea bowl . 4 . Before you taste the tea, admire the design of the bowl . or Admire the design of the bowl before you taste the tea . 5 . After you drink the tea, pass the bowl to the next person . or Pass the bowl to the next person after ou drink the tea . Exercise 3 (p. 54) 1 . Baseball players are idolized by the fans . 2 . Tickets can be bought on the Internet by fans . 3 . The games are often sponsored by large corporations . 4 . A special vest must be worn by the umpire . 5 . Baseball is watched by millions of viewers on TV . Exercise 4 (p. 54) 1 . Changes to the schedule must be approved by the principal . 2 . The electric drill must be plugged in . 3 . Banks and other businesses are closed on national holidays . 4 . Potatoes and other vegetables are grown in Idaho . 5 . A weekend edition is published by The New York Times . Exercise 5 (p. 55)In college, students have many responsibilities, and one of them is to understand the rules of the university . International students may be confused by some of these rules . For instance, on most American college campuses, alcohol consumption is (1) prohib ited prohibit because of the many alcohol-related deaths among young people . Educators believe that students should be (2) made make aware of the dangers of excessive drinking . Another issue is smoking in public spaces, which (3) is permitted in some countries around the world . In the majority of American schools, smoking is not (4) allowed allowing in the cafeterias, dormitories, and tudent unions . However, in most classrooms, food and drinks may (5) to be consumed . Before students enter a classroom or lecture hall, they are (6) expected expect to turn their cell phones off . Plagiarism and cheating on exams (7) is be not tolerated; serious consequences may result . Unit 3 Cause and Effect Essays Part 1: Stimulating Ideas Exercise 3 (p. 62) 1 . F 2 . F 3 . T 4 . T 5 . T Exercise 4 (p. 62) Answers will vary. 1 . While his peers spent money on fraternities and parties, Mighty invested in the stock market . He searched for answers on his own . 2 . He made a documentary while trav eling around he country asking people from many different backgrounds what they thought happiness was . 3 . You don’t need material wealth to enjoy your life; you just have to live it to the fullest . 4 . Answers will vary. 5 . Answers will vary. Part 2: Brainstorming and Outlining Exercise 2 (p. 64) Answers will vary. A . 1 . Happiness: love, friendship, success, enjoy 2 . Actions: complete, advance, finish, start 3 . Results: turn into, make possible, end result, culminate B . Answers will vary. 2 . Accomplishing your goals leads to peace of mind . 3 . Succeeding in a difficult situation brings about contentment . 4 .Completing a college degree makes it possible to enjoy a good career . 5 . Finishing what you started leads to selfsatisfaction . Exercise 3 (p. 65) A positive outlook helps you find happiness in relationships, keeps you healthy, and makes you more able to confront difficult situations . Exercise 4 (p. 66) Answers will vary. 1 . Hook: â€Å"Happiness is a stat e of being that everyone wants to achieve . † 2 . A positive outlook can help you be happy and change the outcome of your life . 3 . Thesis statement: â€Å"It can enrich your relationships, improve your health, and guide you through some of life’s greatest challenges . A positive outlook on life can make your relationships stronger, make you Effective Academic Writing 3: Answer Key 7 healthier, and give you the strength to face life’s most difficult moments . 4 . Body paragraph 1 topic: A positive outlook helps you find happiness in professional, social, and personal relationships . Body pargraph 2 topic: Having a positive outlook also makes a person healthy . Body paragraph 3 topic: Finally, people with positive outlooks are stronger and capable of confronting difficult situations . 5 . Laughter releases a chemical substance called serotonin into your blood stream; stress causes igh blood pressure, heart disease, and cancer 6 . The conclusion restates the intr oduction in different words . Part 3: Developing Your Ideas Exercise  (p. 69) According to the writer, family support, motivation, and the ability to focus lead to success in college . Exercise 2 (p. 70) Answers will vary. 1 . Students may experience self-doubt, face financial hardships, and be overwhelmed by the work load . 2 . They might be too tired to study after returning home late from their jobs, or they might decide to go to a party instead of studying . 3 . Students have many obligations to fill and may rrive home late at night, so they may find it difficult to finish their homework and make their studies a priority . 4 . You could waste valuable time and money if you aren’t focused . 5 . Answers will vary. Exercise 3 (p. 7) 2 . c 3 . a 4 . c 5 . a Exercise 4 (p. 73) 2 . Since people are receiving better medical treatment, they are living longer . or People are living longer since they are receiving better medical treatment . 3 . Because orchestras are trying to at tract a younger audience, reduced rates at concert halls are available for many high school students . or Reduced rates at concert halls are available for any high school students because orchestras are trying to attract a younger audience . 4 . Since research has shown that yoga reduces stress, more and more individuals are practicing it . or More and more individuals are practicing yoga since research has shown that it reduces stress . 8 Effective Academic Writing 3: Answer Key Exercise 5 (p. 73) 2 . As a result of the high pollen count, my allergies are very bad this season . 3 . Because of my excellent work, I received the highest grade in the class . 4 . Due to the destructive fire, the building had to be demolished . Exercise 6 (p. 74) 2 .The fire caused major damage to the school auditorium; consequently, we will have the performance in the town hall . or The fire caused major damage to the school auditorium . Consequently, we will have the performance in the town hall . 3. T he Great Depression was devastating; as a result, many farmers moved to California . or The Great Depression was devastating . As a result, many farmers moved to California . 4 . Airlines have cut back services; as a result, flights no longer provide meals . or Airlines have cut back services . As a result, flights no longer provide meals . 5 . The reviews were great; therefore, the theater dded more performances . or The reviews were great . Therefore, the theater added more performances . Part 4: Editing Your Writing Exercise  (p. 77) 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . If you study hard, you will pass the test . If you get a roommate, you will share the rent . If you go to bed early, you will wake up refreshed . If you read more, you will increase your vocabulary . Exercise 2 (p. 78) 2 . If I owned a car, I wouldn’t travel by bus . 3 . If people didn’t watch a lot of TV, they would read books . 4 . If I knew how to cook, I could make dinner for the whole family . 5 . If we have a lot of rain in the spring, I won’t go amping . Exercise 3 (p. 78) Answers will vary. 2 . I would buy a beach house if I had more money . 3 . If people receive better health care, they will live longer . 4 . I would learn a foreign language if I could go back to school . 5 . If home owners used solar energy, they would save money on their heating bills . Exercise 4 (p. 79) If you (1) like liked music, think about taking a music appreciation course . If you (2) would have any talent in that direction, you may want to join a choir . I joined a choir two years ago and I enjoy it very much . I know that if I didn’t have my rehearsals, I (3) would ill be very unhappy . I look forward to working with a conductor, learning challenging pieces, and singing with a group . If I (4) miss missed a rehearsal, I feel a little depressed . Even if we work on a difficult piece, I (5) would find the challenge exhilarating . If music is not the hobby for you, you should (6) find found one that can bring you happiness . If you do, you (7) will would not be sorry . Part 5: Putting It All Together Exercise  (p. 80) 1 . b 2 . a 3 . b 4 . c 5 . a 6 . c Exercise 2 (p. 8) 1 . The construction industry is thriving since there is a high demand for new housing . or Since there is high demand for new housing, the construction industry is thriving . 2 . Because of fierce competition for jobs, many young adults want to go to college . or Many young adults want to go to college because of fierce competition for jobs . 3 . Because people are living longer, second careers are more common . or Second careers are more common because people are living longer . 4 . Newspapers and magazines are losing subscribers since readers obtain more up-to-date information from the Internet . or Since readers obtain more up-to-date information from the Internet, newspapers and magazines are losing subscribers . 5 .Due to a great need for nurses, many students are entering the profession . or Many stud ents are entering the profession due to a great need for nurses . 6 . As a result of the building of the Suez Canal, ships are able to travel faster from the west to the east . or Ships are able to travel faster from the west to the east as a result of the building of the Suez Canal . Exercise 3 (p. 8) 1 . Microwaves are time-saving; therefore, people are cooking less . or Microwaves are time-saving . Therefore, people are cooking less . 2 . Crime rates are high; consequently, more police patrol the streets . or Crime rates are high .Consequently, more police patrol the streets . 3 . Globalization is increasing; as a result, English has become a more popular language . or Globalization is increasing . As a result, English has become a more popular language . 4 . Shopping malls are huge; consequently, consumers have more choices . or Shopping malls are huge . Consequently, consumers have more choices . 5 . Cell phones are convenient and economical; as a result, many people have canc elled their home service . or Cell phones are convenient and economical . As a result, many people have cancelled their home service . 6 . The exam was challenging; therefore, many tudents failed . or The exam was challenging . Therefore, many students failed . Exercise 4 (p. 82) 1 . If you work hard, you will succeed in your career . 2 . If you work at a job you like, you will accomplish more in less time . 3 . If you travel around the world, you will learn about new cultures . 4 . If you have a DVD drive, you will be able to watch movies on your computer . 5 . If you plant perennials, you will have flowers again next year . 6 . If you purchase tickets online, you will save money . Exercise 5 (p. 83) Answers will vary. 1 . If you did not play an instrument, you could not join an orchestra . 2 .If you had a long semester, you would have less vacation time . 3 . If we had a microwave, we wouldn’t cook everything on the stove . 4 . If I owned a laptop, I could work efficiently . 5 . If I had any credit cards, I would not pay with cash . Exercise 6 (p. 83) Today, people work long hours and have too many responsiblities; as a result, they have very little leisure time . If people spent more time with family and friends, they (1) would will be happier . Often parents do not have enough time to spend with their children . Therefore, young children do not receive the parental attention they need . If parents (2) had have more home ime, they could play games with their children, and participate in more school activities . If parents (3) spent Effective Academic Writing 3: Answer Key 9 spend more time with their children, children would do better in school . Furthermore, if workers had more leisure time, they (4) could can go on more family vacations . Teenagers (5) would have had more time to communicate with their parents if they did not have so many responsibilities . If leisure time (6) increased increase, the family unit would be stronger and society as a w hole would benefit . Unit 4 Argumentative Essays Part 1: Stimulating IdeasExercise 3 (p. 90) 1 . F 2 . T 3 . F 4 . T 5 . F 6 . F Part 3: Developing Your Ideas Exercise 4 (p. 90) Answers will vary. 1 . He is the first person to be charged with the crime of piracy, and other arrests may follow . 2 . Its function is to protect intellectual property between nations . 3 . They are losing large profits and are afraid they won’t survive . 4 . Answers will vary. 5 . Answers will vary. Part 2: Brainstorming and Outlining Exercise 2 (p. 92) A . law property legal break the rules commit a crime computers own a copyright download possession share files program B . Answers will vary. Exercise 3 (p. 93)Academic policy rules are broken by cheating and plagiarism . Exercise 4 (p. 95) Answers will vary. A . 1 . Some students plagiarize because it saves time . 2 . The writer feels that copying someone else’s work and submitting it as your own is not only immoral but also academically un acceptable . We know this because the writer says, â€Å"However, plagiarism is wrong because it is irresponsible as well as against academic policy . † 3 . They don’t develop their critical thinking and writing skills and they might fail their final exams . 0 4 . Answers will vary. 5 . Answers will vary. B . 1 . Hook: â€Å"College and high school students often ook for shortcuts to make their work easier . † 2 . Thesis statement: â€Å"However, plagiarism is irresponsible from a social and academic standpoint . † Answers will vary. Example: Plagiarism affects your relationships with your classmates and teachers, and it hinders your academic progress . 3 . d 4 . There are some students who feel that because they are so busy, they have no choice but to plagiarize . 5 . Three: Plagiarism damages classroom relationships, it also violates school policies, and it prevents students from realizing their own potential . Effective Academic Writing 3: Answer Key Exercise 2 (p. 99) Answers will vary. . The first reason the writer gives is that cable companies charge too much money for the service . 2 . The writer gives detailed price information for the various packages the cable company offers . These facts strengthen the writer’s argument, because they are specific examples of how the cable company’s prices can be very expensive . 3 . The quality of satellite service is inferior, and many buildings do not allow tenants to use satellite dishes . 4 . Cable companies say they are losing money and that getting free cable is against the law . 5 . Answers will vary. Exercise 3 (p. 00) 1 . R 2 . C 3 . C 4 . R 5 . C 6 . RExercise 4 (p. 02) 2 . Once an invention is patented, only the owner can make, sell or distribute the product . Therefore, anyone else who wants to profit from this item must get permission from the owner . or Once an invention is patented, only the owner can make, sell or distribute the product; therefore, anyone else who wants to profit from this item must get permission from the owner . 3 . Novels, plays, newspapers, and other original printed materials are protected by copyright law . However, visual images such as drawings, photographs, and cartoons are still illegally copied off the Internet . or . Novels, plays, ewspapers, and other original printed materials are protected by copyright law; however, visual images such as drawings, photographs, and cartoons are still illegally copied off the Internet . 4 . There continues to be illegal videotaping of movies in public movie theaters . Consequently, the U . S . Congress found it necessary to pass the Family Copyright Act of 2005 . or There continues to be illegal videotaping of movies in public movie theaters; consequently, the U . S . Congress found it necessary to pass the Family Copyright Act of 2005 . Part 4: Editing Your Writing Exercise  (p. 05) Answers will vary. 2 .Whereas some people like to go to a movie theater, others prefer to watch movies at home . 3 . Even though baseball is the most popular sport in America, soccer is the leading sport in Europe . 4 . While shopping online is very convenient, many people prefer to see the merchandise before they buy it . 5 . Although air travel is expensive, the time saved makes it worthwhile . Exercise 2 (p. 06) A . 2 . What they decided to do 3 . It is essential authenticity . is ridiculous . that you check the painting’s 4 . We advise that you buy jewelry only from a reputable dealer . 5 . The board demands teachers . 6 . I don’t agree hat the school hire master with what he said . B . 1 . I believe that viewers have a right to use free unauthorized cable service . 2 . Cable companies complain that they are losing money and that obtaining free cable is unlawful . 3 . We feel that these companies have a monopoly . 4 . In conclusion, I think that people should be allowed to use unauthorized cable service unless we have reasonable options . Exercise 3 (p. 07) 2 . The city residents recommend that the mayor lower the fare for public transportation . 3 . Parents believe that the community should provide after-school programs for teenagers . 4 .It is crucial that the government offer free health care for all citizens . 5 . Most employers insist that their workers arrive on time . Exercise 4 (p. 07) Identity theft occurs when someone steals your name, social security, or credit card number and uses it for his/her own purposes . Although most people feel safe from identity theft (1) , thousands of people each year fall victim to this new form of crime . We recommend that you (2) to protect yourself from this hideous crime . Do not disclose personal information (like your social security number) to strangers . Destroy all unused bank and credit card statements .Keep an eye on your credit cards . Although credit cards make life easier (3) , you need to be cautious when using them . In case you become a victim of identity crime, foll ow these steps . We advise that you (4) should file a police report as soon as you realize that something is wrong . It is crucial that you (5) to notify your credit card companies and bank immediately . We also suggest that you (6) could keep records of all your documents in a safe place . Therefore, if you become a victim, you will have all the necessary information to facilitate the filing process . Part 5: Putting It All Together Exercise  (p. 09) . R 2 . C 3 . R 4 . R 5 . C 6 . R Exercise 2 (p. 09) 1 . A lot of companies copy the ingredients found in famous perfumes . Furthermore/in addition/ moreover, other companies steal patterns for dishware, sheets, and towels . or A lot of companies copy the ingredients found in famous perfumes; furthermore/in addition/moreover, other companies steal patterns for dishware, sheets, and towels . 2 . Many college students know that plagiarism is illegal . However/nevertheless, websites that sell essays continue to grow . or Many college s tudents know that plagiarism is illegal; however/nevertheless, websites that sell essays ontinue to grow . 3 . Writing a research paper takes time and patience . Furthermore/in addition/moreover, it takes determination . or Writing a research paper takes time and patience; furthermore/in addition/ moreover, it takes determination . 4 . Media-related property theft has resulted in legal retaliation . However/nevertheless, the number of individuals illegally obtaining media online has increased . or Media-related property theft has resulted in legal retaliation; however/ Effective Academic Writing 3: Answer Key  nevertheless, the number of individuals illegally obtaining media online has increased . . Many consumers try to keep up with modern technology . However/ nevertheless, this is almost impossible because what is popular today becomes obsolete tomorrow . or Many consumers try to keep up with modern technology; however/ nevertheless, this is almost impossible because what is po pular today becomes obsolete tomorrow . Exercise 3 (p. 0) Answers will vary. 1 . Although people in the United States greet each other buy shaking hands, people in other countries greet each other by bowing . 2 . While opponents say that television has a lot of violence, many people believe it can be an educational tool . 3 .Whereas many people go on vacation in the summer, I prefer to vacation in the winter when it’s less crowded . 4 . Although smoking has proven to be a dangerous habit, I still see many people smoking . 5 . Even though cell phone users believe they have the right to talk whenever they want, many people believe that cell phones should be banned from restaurants . Exercise 4 (p. ) 1 . It is mandatory that cyclists in the United States wear helmets . 2 . The government believes that people should be punished for stealing intellectual property . 3 . It is essential that a driver check the car’s oil and tires before taking a long trip . 4 .The taxpay ers propose that the mayor build a new highway . 5 . Colleges recommend that students have their own computers . Exercise 5 (p. ) To complete a research project on the Internet, it is important that you (1) must find a good search engine . (2) Although there There are many available (3) , some are better than others . Once you have chosen your search engine, it is essential that you (4) should narrow your search to a specific topic . Type in the keywords for your search . We recommend that you (5) will check your spelling carefully . If you misspell too many words, you will not get the right results . As soon as you have our list of websites, we suggest that you quickly (6) to scan the list . (7) While/whereas some Some people choose websites randomly, others find that the first five 2 Effective Academic Writing 3: Answer Key to ten are usually the best . Be prepared to look at a lot of websites before you find what you need . Open the sites and skim them to find out if the info rmation will work for your project . (8) Even though/although it It is tempting to copy the material that you have found, it is mandatory that you (9) to use your own words when you write your paper . You should include the website address in your final report . Unit 5Classification Essays Part 1: Stimulating Ideas Exercise 3 (p. 8) 1 . T 2 . T 3 . F 4 . T 5 . F Exercise (p. 8) Answers will vary. 1 . College students looking for a job and people who want to advance in their professions need to learn new skills . 2 . Some computer skills needed are Microsoft Word, Excel, Access, and e-mail systems . 3 . Skills 2006 was a study based on a survey conducted to find out whether new job applicants had the necessary skills . 4 . Companies now want employees to be technically trained for the jobs . 5 . There will not be enough graduates to fill these positions . Part 2: Brainstorming and OutliningExercise 3 (p. 2) Graphic design programs for web pages and animation are discussed . Exe rcise 4 (p. 23) Answers will vary. A . 1 . Flash MX has transitional pages, which are links that guide you from one slide (or portion of the slide) to another . You can also have animated introductions and create diverse effects with the buttons at the bottom of the pages . 2 . Photoshop allows you to repair old photos by adjusting the light and shadow . 3 . Swish provides a greater variety of font designs . 4 . Two-dimensional animations are flat while 3-dimentional animations have depth . 5 . Answers will vary. B . 1 .Hook: â€Å"Graphic design has become an essential tool in desktop publishing . † 2 . Thesis statement: â€Å"Graphic design programs are classified according to their function . † Graphic design programs are categorized according to the functions they perform . 3 . They are being grouped according to function . 4 . The category for body paragraph 1 is programs used to develop a web page . 5 . The category for body paragraph 2 is programs used to desig n flyers, posters, and cards . 6 . The category for body paragraph 3 is animation programs used to produce a 2- or 3-dimensional style . 7 . b 5 . The writer uses statistics . Exercise 3 (p. 29) Answers will vary. 1 . Group 1: landscaper, farmer, park ranger Principle of classification: people who work in nature 2 . Group 2: linguist, interpreter, speech therapist Principle of classification: people who work with language 3 . Group 3: civil engineer, architect, surveyor Principle of classification: people involved in building and construction Exercise 4 (p. 3) Part 3: Developing Your Ideas Exercise  (p. 26) Computer scientists, computer engineers, computer support specialists, and system analysts 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . the greatest the same the fewest almost the same the smallest Exercise 2 (p. 27) Answers will vary.A . 1 . They have to be able to do research and be problem solvers . 2 . They rank the second highest . 3 . The highest paid people with associate degrees will be resp iratory therapists, cardiovascular technologists, and nuclear medicine technologists . 4 . These professionals should be able to communicate written information and medical instructions to their clients . 5 . Computer science and health and human services as well as their related skills are the forces that will drive the economy . 6 . Answers will vary. B . 1 . Answers will vary. Example: Many young people are wondering where the jobs of the future may e . 2 . Thesis statement: â€Å"However, if you are one of the many students who are still confused about which career to pursue, here are the jobs that will have the most growth in the number of people employed over the next decade . † Answers will vary. If you are not sure about your career path, you may want to consider one of these jobs that will be employing the most people within the next ten years . 3 . The information is presented in order of the highest, the second highest, the third highest percentage of growth . 4 . Body paragraph 1: The highest percentage of growth; body paragraph 2: The second-highest ercentage of growth; body paragraph 3: The third-highest growth rate . Part 4: Revising Your Writing Exercise  (p. 34) 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . V, eating S, being V, taking S, learning S, studying Exercise 2 (p. 34) Answers will vary. 2 . I always enjoy swimming in the ocean . 3 . Volunteering in the community can be a wonderful experience . 4 . Many people dislike watching scary movies . 5 . Repairing computers is a useful skill to learn . 6 . If you want to feel better, you should avoid eating fatty foods . Exercise 3 (p. 34) 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . improving memorizing researching discovering taking Exercise 4 (p. 34) Answers will vary. . I am interested in taking a computer graphics course this semester . 3 . I am nervous about speaking in front of a large audience . 4 . I am responsible for taking care of my sister . 5 . I am concerned about passing my driver’s test . Effective Academic Writing 3: Answer Key 3 6 . I am involved in planting new trees in my community . Exercise 5 (p. 36) 1 . The principal expected the teachers to arrive on time . 2 . The company is planning to hire new employees . 3 . Barbara expects to graduate next year . 4 . All hospitals require doctors to pass their medical exams . 5 . We decided to learn a foreign language . 6 .Employment agencies advise job applicants to dress appropriately for their job interviews . Exercise 6 (p. 36) Answers will vary. 1 . The professor agreed to give the final exam early . 2 . The policeman asked us to park on the other side of the street . 3 . My doctor advised me to eat more fruit and vegetables . 4 . The mayor needs to give a speech next week . 5 . My best friend wants to travel the world before she’s 40 . 6 . Many children learn to write at a very early age . Exercise 7 (p. 37) Answers will vary. 2 . My parents let me go to Europe last summer to study . 3 . The lifeguard had all the swimmers leave the pool . . The judge made the jury stay for the weekend . 5 . The bus driver let all the passengers ride for free . 6 . The airlines made all the travelers turn off their electronic devices . Exercise 8 (p. 37) (1) Finding Find the right career may seem like an overwhelming task for many . If you are looking for job opportunities, you need (2) to take enough time to explore all the options . Begin by (3) assessing assess your skills . Decide what you are good at doing and what you enjoy . Are you interested in designing or creating things with your hands? Perhaps you are more accustomed to (4) sitting sit at a computer . Do you like orking indoors or do you enjoy (5) being be outside in nature? Some people prefer (6) to work on a team, while others dislike working with others . This may be the most important decisions you will ever make, so explore your talents and abilities carefully, and do not let anyone (7) to influence you . 4 Effective Academic Writing 3: Answer Key Part 5: Putting It All Together Exercise  (p. 39) 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . preparing forming receiving Arriving writing Practicing Exercise 2 (p. 39) 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . to at in for with about Exercise 3 (p. 40) 1 . b 2 . a 3 . c 4 . a 5 . c 6 . c Exercise 4 (p. 40)